Analysis of the Implications of the Condominium System in Cyprus: Diplomatic Strategies in Islamic Expansion during the Umayyah Dynasty
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63738/al-hukumah.v3i1.53Keywords:
Cyprus, Umayyah Caliphate, Byzantine Empire, Condominium System, Social CoexistenceAbstract
This study examines the dynamics of Islamic expansion to the island of Cyprus during the Umayyad period, which resulted in the establishment of a joint administration between the Islamic Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire, a system known in modern political studies as a condominium. The agreement was ratified by Abd al-Malik on behalf of the Umayyad Caliphate and Justinian II on behalf of the Byzantine Empire. Under this arrangement, Cyprus a center for trade, cultural exchange, and social coexistence between the two. This research employs a qualitative method through library research with a historical approach. Primary sources include the works of Theophanes the Confessor and Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, while secondary sources consist of books, scholarly articles, theses, dissertations, and other relevant academic publications. Data were collected through documentation and literature review and analyzed using historical methods, including heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings reveal that the condominium system had political implications in the form of dual authority, social implications through intercommunal coexistence, religious implications marked by the growth of places of worship, and economic implications reflected in the circulation of numismatic artifacts from both powers within the same territory. The study further finds that the decline of this system was caused by internal challenges within the Caliphate, the vulnerability of the agreement to violations, ambiguities in the political compromise underlying the condominium arrangement, and Byzantine military aggression culminating in 965 CE.
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